الحياة الاقتصادية في سمرقند (93-606هـ / 711-1209م)

الباحث

حنان محمد يحيى أحمد العبيدي

المشرف

ياسر عبدالجواد المشهداني

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2024

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

سمرقند; الحياة الاقتصادية; التاريخ الإسلامي; بلاد ما وراء النهر

Praise be to God, we praise Him, we seek His help, we seek His forgiveness, and we seek refuge in God from the evils of ourselves. I bear witness that there is no god but Him alone, with no partner, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger. After that, the importance of studying economic life in Islamic history comes because of its connection to all aspects of life, as the third and fourth centuries AH witnessed the ninth and tenth centuries AD, as these two centuries witnessed the prosperity of the economy in a number of cities of the Islamic East, especially the city of Samarkand, due to the political stability of the city, administrative dominance, and the establishment of security in it, in addition to... About what the Abbasid Caliphate was like in terms of the dominance of the authority and its control over its outskirts, the recovery of its influence during the years of its rule, and the changing conditions in the center of the caliphate from controlling the helm of power, and achieving a kind of security and political and administrative calm, and these conditions were sufficient for prosperity in the economic aspect in addition to the status. The importance of the regions of the Levant, which were characterized by the vastness of their place, the abundance of events, and the ingenuity of cultural production in light of the Islamic presence on their lands, and the specificity that these regions entailed gave them distinction from others and in various political, administrative, economic, and geographical aspects, which was undoubtedly reflected in the nature of their history and the events that passed through them, and we see this. Transoxiana is clearly different from the regions of other Arab Islamic countries. The influential transition that the Islamic East witnessed at the hands of the conquerors was worthy of attention because of the remarkable development it brought about in the cultural aspects and its transformation into a center of radiation for the rest of the regions, especially Transoxiana, including Samarkand city. Also, Samarkand is far from the political events in the heart of the Arab Islamic state and one of the farthest cities in Transoxiana from the impact of those events and the preoccupation of the princes of Samarkand with economic progress, especially the princes of the Samanid state. As well as the eras that succeeded it, whether they were the Qarakhanids, the Seljuks, or the Khwarezmians. Hence the desire to choose the title titled Economic Life in the City of Samarkand (93-606 AH /711 -1209 AD) This year is the second conquest of the city of Samarkand, due to the lack of a direct study on the economic life in the city, which enjoys advantages, the most notable of which is the mixing of its population elements, including Turks, Persians, Arabs, and others, and the influence of their civilization and trends on the course of the cultural and economic aspects of Samarkand. Being a natural geographical link between the borders of the Arab Islamic State from the Levant and its connection to the regions of Turkey, China and Tibet, and to the Persian and Arab regions of the Khorasan region and the center of the Abbasid Caliphate in Iraq, it had a clear impact on industrial activity and trade exchange. In addition to its economic richness, the diversity of its lands and climate had a prominent impact. With the diversity of its agricultural crops, orchards and livestock, not to mention its mountains rich in different types of trees and minerals. This activity flourished in all its aspects, especially the internal and external trade movement, during the period of strength of the Arab Islamic State in the Arab Levant, in general and Samarkand in particular, after military stability and the establishment of the king of the Arab Islamic State there (despite the fluctuations of some areas in their loyalty) with tight political control. Administrative through its governors or those acting in their place. As for the difficulties of the topic, most of the sources speak in general terms without detailing the events, as well as the similarity of the news material in various sources and references, most of which mention the same material. Therefore, I faced difficulty in coordinating and expanding the study. Among the previous studies related to my topic are those that dealt with various fields about the city of Samarkand, including a master’s thesis entitled (Plans of Samarkand in the Abbasid Era until the late sixth century AH) by researcher Marwa Yasser Siwan, University of Basra 2016 AD, and a second master’s thesis entitled (Scientific Life in Samarkand In light of the book Al-Qand al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH / 1142 AD)) by researcher Nasser Jamal Nasser al-Jumaili, Iraqi University, Baghdad 2022 AD, and others, and after looking at what was written in these letters, we did not find an academic study that dealt with economic life in an accurate way that brings together what is related to agriculture. Industry and trade. The nature of the study required that the thesis be divided into an introduction, a preface, and four chapters. The preface dealt with the naming of the city of Samarkand, the geographical location, the construction of the city, identifying the most important cities near it, and the Islamic conquest. The first chapter was entitled (Agricultural Activity and Land Ownership) and contained three sections. The first section included the components of agricultural life, which are land, royal estates, and private property. As well as the soil, the most important crops of southern and northern Samarkand, irrigation, and the most prominent methods used by the residents of Samarkand to deliver water to agricultural lands, which are canals, dams, and bridges. The second section talks about (the most important crops) such as wheat, cotton, olive trees, walnut trees, almonds, pistachios, and hazelnuts. And learning about the most important fruits and vegetables that Samarkand is famous for growing, such as vines, watermelons, and apples, as well as aromatic and medicinal flowers. In the third section (livestock) and its types of livestock, riding and transport animals, heavy-haired animals, birds, and parrots, I studied. While the second chapter dealt with (industry) and contained three sections, the first section covered the types of industries present in Samarkand, the plant and animal industries, such as the textile industry, which is divided into sections of cotton and wool textiles and silk textiles, in addition to textile manufacturing and dyeing, wood industries, and paper industry (kagd), and the animal hide tanning industry. The second section talked about (metallic industries), the most important of which is the manufacture of metal tools and household utensils, such as the manufacture of iron tools. Weapons, the manufacture of large pots and pans and other metal industries, the manufacture of jewellery, antiques and coinage. In the third chapter, (trade) was dealt with and contained three sections. The first section included trade routes. It touched on the most important internal and external land trade routes, and river trade routes, whether they were the main and subsidiary river routes of the Sogd River. Finally, there was talk about maritime trade. The second section covered internal trade and was divided into groups that include markets, merchants, weights and measures, and means of commercial dealing. In the third section, foreign trade reviewed Samarkand’s exports of slaves, textiles, leather, agricultural crops, manufactures, and minerals, as well as Samarkand’s imports, such as slaves, animal products, spices, gilded Chinese utensils, and brocade. Wax, honey, dates, pearls, and various industries such as glass and fine-made goods. The study concluded with the fourth chapter, which reviewed financial resources and the standard of living and contained three sections. The first section included currency, and a review of the most important currencies in circulation for the residents of Samarkand in Internal and external, such as the dirham, dinar, penny, and the place of strike and its types. As for the second section, it reviewed financial resources such as tax, tribute, and tithes, which are among the most important resources of the treasury of the Arab-Islamic state in general and Samarkand in particular. The third section included the economic level of the population of Samarkand in terms of the level of prices, the level of wages and salaries, and manifestations of the rise in The standard of living.

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