النظام القانوني لحماية حقوق الورثة: دراسة مقارنة

الباحث

هناء عبدالله صالح مرعي

المشرف

ياسر باسم ذنون السبعاوي

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية الحقوق / القانون الخاص

الشهادة

دكتوراه

السنة

2023

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

حقوق الورثة; التركة; قانون الأحوال الشخصية; دراسة مقارنة

قد يتوهم الانسان سلوك طريق الخير فيتصور انه على حق لكنه شر في حقيقته لان العبرة للمعاني والمقاصد ، لذا لابد ان يضبط تصرفاته بمنطق العقل وأعلى منه الشرع الحكيم الذي فيه لكل تصرف من قول أو فعل أو سكون حكم اجمالاً او تفصيلاً. ولأن الانسان يتقلب في حياته بين الصحة والمرض والسلامة والخطر ولكل حالة آثارها على تصرفاته والتزاماته نظمت الشريعة الاسلامية الغراء أحكاما تضبط تصرفات الشخص حال حياته وصحته وكذا حال كونه مريضاً مرض الموت فأحاطتها برعايته وحمايته ، ولدرء شبهة المحاباة وغيرها واعطاء كل ذي حق حقه من الورثة وصيانته من الإضرار به من قبل مورثهم وكبح clan المريض وجعله يلتزم بحدود الشرع الحكيم، واستكمالا لذلك استمدت القوانين الوضعية احكامها من الشريعة الاسلامية بوصفها المصدر الثاني له ، فجاءت بقواعد واحكام وركائز رصينة لتنظيم علاقة الشخص وماله مع أسرته والغير ، بدءً من بيان حكم تصرفات الشخص حال حياته وحال صحته أو في أثناء مرضه مروراً بتصرفاته الحاصلة أثناء حياته المضافة إلى ما بعد موته، وما يترتب على تلك التصرفات من أحكام فقهية وقانونية خاصة في حالة تفضيل أحد الورثة على الآخر أو حرمان بعضهم من استحقاقاتهم التي شرعت لهم ، فكان دور هذه الدراسة هو إبراز أهم التصرفات الضارة باستحقاق الورثة من قبل مورثهم ، إذ سلطت الضوء على ما يعرض حقوق الورثة للأضرار بها من قبل المورث حصراً ، مع بيان المستند الشرعي والقانوني لضمان استحقاقاتهم. استعرضت الدراسة أبرز التصرفات التي يقوم بها الشخص في ماله كله أو بعضه من خلال ثلاثة فصول خصصنا الأول لحماية Ga الورثة من تصرفات الشخص حال حياته lay صحته وذلك بتقسيم ماله على ورثته مع بيان حكمها واختلاف الفقهاء في ذلك ، من خلال عرض ابرز صورة لقسمة المال حال الحياة Slay الصحة المتمثلة بنحلة الاصول للفروع وذلك والتعرف على اهم الاحكام المتعلقة بتصرف الأب او الأم في مالهم عند تفضيل أحد الاولاد على الآخر ميلاً إلى ذكر أو أنثى بالعطاء والنحل من دون البعض الاخرء لنجد الحد الفاصل من مدى سريان هذه التصرفات بحقهم من GY chose عاقبتها وخيمة بل وكبيرة جداء تفضي الى الحقد والبغضاء في الدنيا بين الورثة ، وجور وظلم يحشر عليها المتصرف يوم القيامة.

A man may be deluded that he/she is on the good path; therefore he/she imagined he is on the right path, in fact it is evil. Therefore, his / her conducts should be rational. The highest of them is the Islamic Law in which everything has set its rule. It is common that a human being may fluctuate in his life between his health and disease, safety and danger. Each of them has its effect on his conducts and obligations. Hence, the Islamic Law has regulated provisions of persons’ conducts his life, health when a person suffers from a fatal disease, so it encompasses him/her with protection and care. In order to ward off suspicion and give everyone his right and preserve the rights of the heirs from being harmed by the inheritor and restraining the sick person and force him to adhere to the limits of the Wise Religion. To complement that, statutory laws derive its provisions from the Islamic Law regarding it as a second source bringing with it rules, provisions and strong pillars to regulate the relation of a person with his family and the other starting from showing person’s conducts in his life and health or during his sickness until after death and the consequences of these conducts from legal provisions and jurisprudence especially preferring one of the heirs over the others or depriving others from their rights which are enacted for them. The study states the harmful conducts of the rights of the heirs by their inheritors. The study sheds the light on the damages of the heirs’ rights that are especially caused by the conducts of the inheritors with the religious and legal evidence to guarantee their religious rights. Thus, the study displays the conducts that a person in his money whether all or some of it through three chapters. The first chapter is specialized for the protection of the heir’s right from the conducts of a person in life and health status by dividing the money among the heirs, stating them its provision and the difference of the jurists. It deals with the forms of money division of a person in good condition and health condition to identify the provisions concerning the conduct of the father and mother of their money when preferring one of the sons over the other or tending to the male or female and giving a person over the others to find out the borderline of the range of these conducts because this will lead to terrible consequence, grudge among their inheritor, unfairness and injustice. This chapter is followed by two chapters which identify the protection of a sick person who suffers from a fatal disease such as all his money or some of it to the heirs or to the others to harm the heirs just like the marriage, divorce and divorce in consideration as being conducts which aim at damaging the heirs’ rights, especially when the inheritor is about to die. The inheritor begins to behave either to deprive the heirs from legacy by the elopement divorce or reducing the rights of heirs by adding another member to the family by marriage without benefits. All of these conducts would damage the right of the heirs. The third chapter deals with the damaging and voluntary conducts of an inheritor in the will by stating the provisions that limit the will legally and religiously by preventing the inheritor to damage the heirs so the heirs would be able to appeal the inheritor’s conducts if the amount of legacy in the will exceeds the legal and religious provision (one third) as well as not spending the rest of the legacy. The mentioned section deals with the endowment system which is designed to seek common interests among people; however some people or inheritors exploited this system as a means to deprive the heirs or some of them from their legitimate rights. This is an old dilemma that the ancestors warned us. In order to maintain the family rights in legacy of the inheritor from loss or wasting, this chapter deals with the provisions of the endowment as one of the legal guarantees that protects the heirs’ rights from loss of endowment of money by dividing the money among the heirs equally without preference. The study sums up the conclusions as well as results and recommendations which arrive at amending or adding some of the articles to guarantee delivery of the rights to the others and not to harm or deprive them to achieve justice and the maintain the family cohesion after the death of the inheritor so as not to let provide the devils with opportunities to dismantle family relations and move the brothers and sisters into enemies.

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الاسم

رقم الهاتف

البريد الإلكتروني

الغرض من الطلب (اختياري)

إرسال الطلب