توماس كرومويل ومشروع حل الأديرة في إنجلترا 1536-1540م

Thomas Cromwell and the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England 1536-1540 AD

الباحث: زيد محمد حسين علي
المشرف: أحمد صالح عبوش
الجامعة: جامعة الموصل
الكلية / القسم: التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ
الشهادة: ماجستير
السنة: 2022
لغة الرسالة: A
الكلمات المفتاحية: توماس كرومويل;حل الأديرة;إنجلترا;التاريخ الحديث

Abstract

Christianity Arose From The Teachings Of Jesus (Peace Be Upon Him), And Its First Spread Came In Palestine , Which Was Under The Rule Of The Roman Empire At The Time , And From There It Moved To The European Continent , And England Is One Of The Most Prominent Western European Countries In Which Christianity Spread Early , And The Monastic Movement Emerged And Built It Has Monasteries In Abundance , And It Is One Of The Most Important And Richest Religious Institutions In The English Lands. The Christian Religion Was Subjected To Many Violent Shocks That Affected Its Entity, And Led To The Emergence Of Reformist Movements Calling For Its Reform After Corruption Spread In All Its Joints , The Necessity Of Reforming The Church, But The Religious Reform Movement In England Did Not Succeed In The Beginning, As King Henry Viii Was One Of The Fiercest Opponents Of That Movement , And Adhered To The Catholic Doctrine , But This Did Not Last Long, Especially After The Issue Of The Latter’s Divorce Arose From His Wife, Queen Catherine Argonne, Who Wanted To Divorce Her And Marry One Of Her Bridesmaids Called Anne Boleyn , And In Light Of His Inability To Obtain The Consent Of The Pope Of Rome To Issue A Divorce Ruling, The Character Of Thomas Cromwell Appeared , Who Suggested To Him The Necessity Of Separating The English Church From The Church Of Rome To Achieve His Desire For Divorce. Thomas Cromwell Is Considered One Of The Most Prominent English Politicians Who Appeared On The Political Scene In England During The Sixteenth Century Ad , The Service Of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey , The First Advisor To King Henry Viii , As It Gained Him Great Experience , And Paved The Way For Him To Enter The Service Of The Latter , It Was Sent To It By The English Church , The Establishment Of The Anglican National Church , B And The Enactment Of The Law Of Royal Supremacy , Which Restricted The Religious And Worldly Powers To The Hand Of King Henry Viii , And Weakened The Authority Of The Clergy. Thomas Cromwell Was Not Satisfied With Legislating The Laws That Led To The Separation From The Church Of Rome , And The Consolidation Of Royal Sovereignty At The Expense Of The Clergy , To Obtain That Money Lies In Dissolving The Monasteries That Are Overgrown With Wealth, And In Addition To That , Thomas Cromwell Realized That The Monasteries Represented The Last Strongholds On Which The Church Of Rome Depended To Restore Its Sovereignty Over England , As The Monks Were Known For Their Adherence To The Catholic Doctrine And Their Rejection Of The Process Of Religious Reform To Launch A Project To Dissolve The Major And Minor Monasteries Alike. The Treatise Included An Introduction And Four Chapters , In Addition To The Summary , Conclusions And Appendices , The First Chapter Was Entitled (The Religious Conditions In England Until 1536 Ad) , And Was Divided Into Four Main Topics , The First Was Entitled (An Overview Of The History Of England) , In Which We Dealt With All The Stages Of English History Since Bc , All The Way To King Henry Vii's Accession To The English Throne , The Second Topic Was Entitled (The Spread Of Christianity In England And The Relationship Of The English Kings To The Papacy 1066-1509ad), In Which We Touched Upon The Entry Of Christianity Into England, And Gave A Brief Overview Of The Relationship Of The English Kings With The Papacy Since The Anglo-Saxon Era Until1509Ad , While We Studied In The Third Topic (The Emergence Of Monasticism And The Spread Of Monasteries In England), The Emergence Of The Monastic Movement, The Most Important Stages It Passed Through, Its Move To England And The Construction Of Monasteries There, And Its Development On The Eve Of The Launch Of The Monasteries Dissolution Project , In The Fourth Topic (The Religious Reform Movement In England 1517 - 1536 Ad) , We Dealt With The Roots Of The Religious Reform Movement , The Stages It Went Through And Its Most Important Leaders, Leading To The Establishment Of The Protestant Reform Movement In The Sixteenth Century Ad , And Its Move To England. The Second Chapter , Marked With (Thomas Cromwell And His Religious Role In England 1485-1540 Ad) , Contains Three Main Topics , The First Of Them Dealt With (The Early Life Of Thomas Cromwell 1485-1523 Ad) The Family Life Of Thomas Cromwell In Terms Of His Birth, Upbringing And Marriage, And His First Contact With The Church , The Second Topic (Thomas Cromwell's Service To Cardinal Thomas Woolsey 1523-1530 Ad) Discussed The Stage Of Thomas Cromwell's Joining The Service Of Cardinal Thomas Woolsey, And This Stage Is One Of The Most Important Stations In Thomas Cromwell's Life, Finally, The Third Topic (Thomas Cromwell's Service To King Henry Viii 1530 - 1540 Ad) , In Which We Shed Light On The Most Important Stage In Thomas Cromwell's Life Represented By His Entry Into The Service Of King Henry Viii , And We Talked About His Great Role In The Process Of Separation From The Church Of Rome , And His Formulation Of The Majority Of Reform Laws Religious. The Third Chapter Was Entitled (The Project For The Dissolution Of The Minor Monasteries And The Outbreak Of The North English Revolution 1536 - 1537 Ad) , And It Was Divided Into Three Main Sections , The First (The Reasons Leading To The Dissolution Of The Monasteries) , As These Varied Political, Economic And Religious Reasons Related To The Corruption Of The Monks, And The Second Topic Was Entitled (The Project For The Dissolution Of The Smaller Monasteries 1536 Ad) , During Which We Explained The Role Of Thomas Cromwell In Condemning The Smaller D Monasteries , And The Moral Charges Attached To The Monks, As Well As The Position Of The English Parliament From Legislating The Law Of Dissolving The Minor Monasteries , Finally The Third Topic (The Outbreak Of The Wealth Of The North Of England 1536-1537 Ad) , In Which We Dealt With The Direct And Indirect Causes That Led To The Outbreak Of That Revolution , Which Is Considered One Of The Most Important And Most Dangerous Revolutions During The Reign Of King Henry Viii, And It Went Through Two Stages, The First Being The Lincolnshire Rebellion , And The Second The The Pilgrimage Of Grace. And Finally, The Fourth Chapter, Entitled (The Project Of Dissolving The Great Monasteries And Its Repercussions On The General Situation In England 1537 - 1540 Ad) , And It Included Three Main Sections , The First Is (The Project For The Dissolution Of The Great Monasteries 1537 - 1540 Ad) , In Which We Explained The New Method Used By Thomas Cromwell In Solving It Represented By The Voluntary Surrender Of Monks , And We Touched On The Provisions Of The Law On The Dissolution Of The Great Monasteries, , In The Second Topic (The Fall Of Thomas Cromwell 1539- 1540 Ad), We Dealt With The Most Important Events That Preceded The Fall Of Thomas Cromwell, And The Reasons That Motivate King Henry Viii To Execute Him , While The Third Topic Came Under The Title (The Repercussions Of The Project To Dissolve The Great Monasteries On The General Situation In England) , In It , We Talked About The Repercussions Left By The Project Of Dissolving The Monasteries In All Political , Social And Economic Situations.

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