الجغرافية التاريخية للشرق في كتاب نخبة الدهر في عجائب البر والبحر لشيخ الربوة (ت 727هـ/1327م)

الباحث

محمد سمير يونس المعاضيدي

المشرف

سفيان ياسين ابراهيم

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية / قسم التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2023

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

الجغرافية التاريخية ; شيخ الربوة ; نخبة الدهر ; المشرق الإسلامي

A The land, its geography, its divisions, and its administrative and political extension attracted the attention of many country sources, and for many of them it merged with human influences on nature or vice versa. The news and history of each geographical region or administrative or political section was tracked within the geographical or historical reality. For countries and aspects of nature, it focused on addressing the seas and their impact on maritime links and economic relations, and highlighting population stability between regions and cities of richness, climatic moderation, and others that are more difficult in those aspects. The historical narration in (Historical Geography) was based on observations and unilateralities in transmitting historical events as well as the narrations of the local population and identifying the ruling authorities in each country and ways of managing those countries and the most prominent economic, social, religious and urban features in those countries. In writing Nukhbat Al_Dahr Fi Ajayeb Albar Walbahr by Sheikh Al-Rabwah (d. 727 AH / 1327 AD)) and studying it according to the comparative geographical historical description method. The research has tried to identify Sheikh Al-Rabwa, his scientific and life biography, his most prominent writings and the characteristics of his era, and aimed to study the book (Nukhbat Al_Dahr Fi Ajayeb Albar Walbahr) in the parts related to the history of the East (India, the Dam and China) and compared them with the previous and contemporary sources of the author, leading to information and texts that were realized by historical and geographical sources overdue. The study was divided into three chapters and a preface, in addition to the introduction, conclusion, maps and appendices. The preamble came to identify (what historical geography is) and explain its methods and touch on its most prominent objectives, explaining through it its importance in the study of history. The first chapter (Sheikh of Rabwa and the Writing of the Nukhbat Al_Dahr Fi Ajayeb Albar Walbahr) came with two chapters. The first topic included (the biography of Sheikh Rabwa). He highlighted his sheikhs, students, his writings, his scientific status among historians, B and finally determining the year of his death, while the second topic included (the resources and methodology of the book Elite of Time in the Wonders of Righteousness and Righteousness), clarifying the elements of his methodology, identifying the resources of his book, and mentioning a number of singularities and points cited by the author, and the topic was appended by highlighting the opinions received in book evaluation. While the second chapter dealt with (wild historical geography) and it included two sections, the first topic included (description of India and Sindh) and mentioned their geographical, regional and astronomical location and the most prominent aspects of the surface and touched on the population and prevailing religions and social life and a number of cities and their administrative divisions and features of their political conditions, and the topic indicated The second (Description of China) refers to its geographical location, its inhabitants, their lineages, religions, and surface features, and deals with the administrative divisions of the cities of China, according to what was reported by Sheikh Al-Rabwah. He was unique in its names and the divisions of a number of them. The third chapter dealt with (Historical Maritime Geography), and it was divided into two sections. The first topic included (Description of the Sea of India and its islands) and clarification of the islands, their political and administrative systems, their population diversity and their economies. To the confusion in the affiliation of a number of islands and their names between the Sea of China and the Sea of India, and to explain the impact of the seas on their inhabitants and merchants and the trade movement exchanged across them to beyond those seas. The study faced many difficulties, perhaps the most prominent of which is the scarcity of modern historical references that dealt with China during the study period and the widening confusion of Sheikh Al-Rabwah in determining the dependence of a number of cities by their lineage sometimes to India and sometimes to China, and at other times he considers them independent by itself, which prompted the researcher to return to tracking those cities In different sources and in different periods of time to know its multiple names, selling, and precise geographical location, and emerged among the difficulties is the difficulty of spatial separation between the Sea of India and the Sea of China, as well as the multiplicity of names of the parts of each sea and the overlapping of information about each other within texts that are almost similar in their content and textual vocabulary. Through the study on the topic (the historical geography of the East in the book Nukhbat Al_Dahr Fi Ajayeb Albar Walbahr by Sheikh Al- Rabwah (d. 727 AH / 1327 AD), we reached many results, perhaps the most prominent of which are: 1 .The book (Nukhbat Al-Dahr) is an important document that talks about the Mamluk era (648_792 AH / 1250_1390 AD) that the author lived in, in addition to being one of the important sources in the study of the countries of the East (India, Sindh and their neighborhood) because of the unique information it contains about the regions of southern India and its administrative divisions and conditions the public. 2 .Sheikh Al-Rabwa grew up in the house of Jeddah with Sufi tendencies and grew up in it, as he grew up religiously and held several religious positions such as the imam of the Hittin Mosque (in the city of Hittin) and the Al-Rabwa Mosque (near Damascus), and he wrote many books in various fields. The most prominent of which is his book (Nukhbat Al- Dahr), and he lived moving between Egypt and the Levant during the Mamluk era and experienced a number of his sultans, and he passed away in the year (727 AH / 1327 AD). 3 .There are many resources of Sheikh Al-Rabwa in (Nukhbat Al-Dahr) between eyewitness observations and a number of previous sources, and the book included a methodology that converged with contemporary and previous sources in the way of presenting historical narratives and geographical descriptive information. And information with a number of characteristics such as abbreviation, lengthening, referral, and citation of noble verses and noble prophetic hadiths, as well as verses of poetry, diversity in his quotations from other sources, and mention of oral texts that were transmitted frequently and recorded by Sheikh Al-Rabwa in his book. 4 .Sheikh Al-Rabwah was unique in dividing the countries of India, Sindh and China, as he divided the countries of India into coastal and land, each section included several cities, and he single-handedly divided the countries of the crossing into (big and small). The outside and the inside China, as the outside China included eight sections, each of which D included several cities, and he gave us a clear picture of the country of Khamdan by dividing it into Khamdan (the Great and the Small), and no one preceded him with that division. 5 .Sheikh Al-Rabwah elaborated extensively in referring to the East Sea and in mentioning abundant details about the seas (India and China), their islands, their inhabitants, the economy of those islands, the nature of their political systems, and the multiplicity of their religions and beliefs. The book (Eternal Elite) is a geographical historical document that enriched the Arab-Islamic heritage and presented an important aspect of the history of the East in its Middle Ages. 6 .The sheikh of Rabwa was confused about placing a number of islands, including islands such as Al-Maharaj and others, by making them within the Sea of China, which according to most geographers is within the Sea of India. 7. Perhaps one of the most important recommendations that should be noted is the study of the historical geography of the Maghreb by Sheikh Al-Rabwah and its comparison with the local texts of those regions within the descriptive historical-geographical context of the general history of Morocco. --- page 184 [OCR+] --- nro rhh lrh io aolariorg la ro sih hT The Book Nukhbat Al_Dahr Fi Ajayeb Albar Walbahr By Sheikh Al-Rabwah (727 A. H./1327 A. D.) Muhammad Samir Younis Al-Maathidi sih or nrohhh History/ Islamic History Supervised by Professor Dr. Sufyan Yasen Ibrahim 2023 A.D. 1445 A.H. University of Mosul College of Education for Humanities Department of History [OCR of page] University of Mosul College of Education for Humanities Department of History SL de The historical geography of the East in The Book Nukhbat Al_Dahr Fi Ajayeb Albar Walbahr By Sheikh Al-Rabwah (727 A. H./1327 A. D.) Muhammad Samir Younis Al-Maathidi Master Thesis History/ Islamic History Supervised by Professor Dr. Sufyan Yasen [brahim 2023 A.D. 1445 A.H. --- page 185 [OCR+] --- The Historical Geography of The East in The Book Nukhbat Al_Dahr Fi Ajayeb Albar Walbahr By Sheikh Al-Rabwah (727 A. H./1327 A. D.) A thesis submitted by Muhammad Samir Younis Al-Maathidi To The Council of the College of Education for Humanities/ University of Mosul As partial fulfillment of the requirements for the master degree In Humanities/ Islamic History Supervised by Professor Dr. Sufyan Yasen Ibrahim 2023 A.D. 1445 A.H. [OCR of page] The Historical Geography of The East in The Book Nukhbat Al_Dahr Fi Ajayeb Albar Walbahr By Sheikh Al-Rabwah (727 A. H./1327 A. D.) A thesis submitted by Muhammad Samir Younis Al-Maathidi To The Council of the College of Education for Humanities/ University of Mosul As partial fulfillment of the requirements for the master degree In Humanities/ Islamic History Supervised by Professor Dr. Sufyan Yasen [brahim 2023 A.D. 1445 A.H.

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