العلامات المسمارية المكررة - دراسة معجمية

Repeated Cuneiform Signs: A Lexical Study

الباحث: احمد ميسر فاضل العنزي
المشرف: علي ياسين الجبوري
الجامعة: جامعة الموصل
الكلية / القسم: كلية الاثار / قسم اللغات العراقية القديمة
الشهادة: دكتوراه
السنة: 2022
لغة الرسالة: عربي
الكلمات المفتاحية: العلامات المسمارية ; الكتابة المسمارية ; الدراسة المعجمية ; اللغات العراقية القديمة

Abstract

A Repeated cuneiform signs are one of the most important types of signs that make up the cuneiform writing system. Which was derived and formed from the repetition of the same sign, including those repeated in a vertical form, or horizontal, or repeated in tabular form (plaid), or opposite repeated, or those that are repeated in triple, quadrilateral, or more forms. The diversity of the forms of these signs and their excessive number, as well as the multiplicity of their symbolic and phonetic values derived from one of the reasons for the complexity of the writing system, which called for the necessity of making developments and changes to simplify it, the most prominent of which was reducing the huge number of signs and replacing difficult forms with more easy ones that serve the same purpose. Indeed, the number of cuneiform signs has decreased through the ages from about 2000 signs, to settle down to nearly 600 signs in the first millennium BC. The vast majority of the repeated signs received a large portion of the process of reduction, but they were not erased or canceled from the memory of the written system, but were preserved inside of the texts and lexical lists and as they appeared in their forms and formulas without any additions or changes, and thus it became a written and linguistic heritage, as well as ancient, in addition to its use as an educational material to teach and train students and transcribers on the types of these signs and to distinguish their forms based on a description of the components of their elements and linear structures. This study aims to familiarize students and readers of cuneiform texts with the types and forms of these signs, describe the composition of their elements, and the methods of pronouncing their Sumerian symbolic values with the corresponding Akkadian vocabulary. In addition to overcoming the difficulties facing students and specialists in studying cuneiform writing with the model of this study, and untangling the fear that the large number of cuneiform signs are nothing but derivations from simple signs and that they have increased steadily due to repetition, which was one of the reasons for the increase in the number of signs in general. B This study aims to familiarize students and readers of cuneiform texts with the types and forms of these signs, describe the composition of their elements, and the methods of pronouncing their Sumerian symbolic values with the corresponding Akkadian vocabulary. In addition to overcoming the difficulties facing students and specialists in studying cuneiform writing with the model of this study, and untangling the fear that the large number of cuneiform signs are nothing but derivations from simple signs and that they have increased steadily due to repetition, which was one of the reasons for the increase in the number of signs in general. In presenting the information in this study, we have relied on a combination of the ancient lexical method as received from the Sumerian-Akkadian dictionaries, and the modern method. We first started by inserting the name of the sign or its main symbolic value with the capital Latin letter, corresponding to the shape of the cuneiform sign in the classical Sumerian and modern Assyrian scripts. As in the example: Then we presented a full explanation of each sign, by explaining its abstract form, passing through the interpretation of its repeated cuneiform form and the changes that occurred to it, and matching the derivation of its symbolic meanings with its forms. After completing the explanation of the signs, all the vocabulary related to each sign were organized in the form of tables and fields, in the same manner as they were found in the original lexical texts. Like: The pronunciation of symbolic value Sign Akkadian opposite giš.me.bulug2 giš BAL&BAL pal-lu-ku BAL & BAL Then tables were created in which we reformulated the vocabulary of the previous tables in their final form and divided them into three fields. The first field included the inclusion of all the symbolic and phonetic values of the sign, while the middle field included all the Akkadian vocabulary corresponding to the Sumerian symbolic values, and the third field was allocated to give the Arabic translation corresponding to the Sumerian and Akkadian languages, such as: symbolic value Akkadian source Arabic meaning MINBULUGx pallukku Part of the loom (for the weaver) As for the most important sources that we relied on in writing this thesis, they are:  Borger, R., Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon ,( AOAT 305), MesZL , Münster: Ugarit-Verlag , 2003 .  Deimel,P.A., Šumerisches Lexikon, ŠL , Rom , 1928-1933.  Cherry,A ., Neo-Assyrian Cuneiform Syllabary Signs List , Toronto-Ontario , 2016 .  Cherry,A. , Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform , Toronto – Ontario , 2016.  Landsberger, B. and Civil, M., Materialin Zum Sumerischen Lexikon, MSL , Rome, 1937ff .  Oppenheim,A.L.and others ,The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, CAD , Chicago , 1956 ff .  Šašková , K., Cuneiform Sign List , Pilsen , 2015 .  Al-Jubouri, Ali Yassin, Dictionary of the Sumerian - Akkadian - Arabic, Abu Dhabi, 2016 . This study was divided into five chapters, the first of which came as a key to our lexical study. in this chapter, we presented a detailed explanation of the types of Sumerian-Akkadian dictionaries and their organization methods, and included two sections, the first of which dealt with the types of dictionaries and the sources of their codification. With modern dictionaries of cuneiform signs and dictionaries of Sumerian and Akkadian vocabulary, and we presented in the second section, in detail, the methods of organizing the ancient Sumerian-Akkadian dictionaries and D the divisions of their main fields . We also explained the ways in which the repetition of vocabulary in dictionaries was expressed, and we ended the chapter by providing an overview of all types of cuneiform signs and an explanation of their forms and calligraphic structures . As for the second chapter, it included two sections, the first of which was devoted to the vertical repeated signs, while the second section included the horizontally repeated signs. The third chapter also came in two sections, the first in which we presented the tabular (braided) repeating signs, the second section was devoted to opposite repeating signs, and the fourth chapter was also divided into two sections, the first was about triple repeated signs, and the second section included quadrilateral signs. The fifth chapter came in two sections, the first section included numbers whose elements came in repeated forms, while the second section dealt with weights and punctuation numbers , and finally we reinforced this study with four main types of tables, the first of which was devoted to the types of repeated signs, their forms and labels, while the second table included several fields dealing with the symbolic and phonetic values of each sign with the corresponding Akkadian vocabulary with their Arabic translations, while the third table included the ranks of numbers and weights. And punctuation numbers and their forms. As for the fourth table, it was for ambiguous repeated signs, and we ended this study by mentioning the most important conclusions that we were able to reach about the repeated signs. THE RESEARCHER --- page 478 [OCR+] --- Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research University of Mosul College of Archaeology Department of the ancient Iraqi languages Repeated Cuneiform Signs : a Lexical Study A Dissertation Submitted By the Student Ahmed Myasar Fadhil Alanzi To The Council of the College of Archaeology University of Mosul in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of PH.D. In the Ancient Iraqi Languages Supervised By Prof. Dr. Ali Yaseen Al-Juboori 2022 A.D 1444 A.H [OCR of page] Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research University of Mosul A=» College of Archaeology 5 As Department of the ancient SL <= Iraqi languages لور رج الك Repeated Cuneiform Signs : a Lexical Study A Dissertation Submitted By the Student Ahmed Myasar Fadhil Alanzi To The Council of the College of Archaeology University of Mosul in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of PH.D. In the Ancient Iraqi Languages Supervised By Prof. Dr. Ali Yaseen Al-Juboori 2022 A.D 1444 A.H --- page 479 [OCR+] --- University of Mosul College of Archeology Repeated Cuneiform Signs : a Lexical Study Ahmed Myasar Fadhil Alanzi PH.D.Thesis In the Ancient Iraqi Languages Supervised By Prof. Dr. Ali Yaseen Al-Juboori 2022 A.D 1444 A.H [OCR of page] University of Mosul Coll f Archeol ollege of Archeology 22 a Repeated Cuneiform Signs : a Lexical Study Ahmed Myasar Fadhil Alanzi PH.D.Thesis In the Ancient Iraqi Languages Supervised By Prof. Dr. Ali Yaseen Al-Juboori 2022 A.D 1444 A.H

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