النشاط العمراني في المشرق الإسلامي في العصر الغزنوي (351-582هـ/962-1186م)

الباحث

عبد الغني عبد الوهاب جمعة البدراني

المشرف

حاتم فهد هنو الطائي

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية الآداب / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2024

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

النشاط العمراني ; المشرق الإسلامي ; العصر الغزنوي ; التاريخ الإسلامي

Researchers and historians have been interested in the history of the Islamic East, whether at the level of political, social, religious, or civilizational history. In line with this trend, we have decided to study part of the cultural manifestations in the Islamic East for a period of time represented by the rule of the conquering emirate, which, since its establishment, has been of great importance. It deserves research and follow-up from many aspects because it possessed enormous potential and because it ruled the countries of the Islamic Levant in the name of the Abbasid Caliphate for a long period of time. Architecture is considered an element of civilization. Rather, it is one of the most prominent features of civilization. It reveals the level of human thinking and the development it has reached. Islamic architecture has played a major role in the contrasting spirit of Islamic civilization, which was embodied through the buildings and civil, military, and service architecture in which that civilization settled. Throughout its long history, Islamic architecture has been open to the arts of the civilizations that preceded it before Islam or that coincided with it, or the arts of the countries conquered by the Muslims. Architecture differed from one region to another, and this is due to the influences of the environment and the difference in climate, the development of means and methods of construction, and the interest of the sultans. And the princes of urbanization, as well as the development of means of attack and defense, and influence and influence with other civilizations. The urban movement in the Islamic East was not random, but was in accordance with precise and organized planning of Islamic thought, and this is the reason for its survival, continuation and permanence. Many buildings are still standing until now, witnessing the development of the architecture of Islamic civilization, the genius of its engineers and the immortality of its art. These buildings have reached A high degree of luxury and beauty, and they left us with many urban patterns, including religious urban institutions such as mosques and mosques, scientific ones such as schools, and military ones such as castles, fortresses, ribats, and palaces of princes. It is worth noting that Muslims in the countries of the Islamic Levant built many military buildings to confront potential dangers from countries and races that did not convert to Islam during that period, and to provide an element of security and safety for the population. It is also an indication of the sovereignty of the state ruling this region, even if it is in the mountains or deserts. . As for the divisions of the study, the nature of the subject required dividing it into an introduction, a preface, four chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction B entitled (The borders of the Islamic East and the emergence of the Ghaznavid emirate) stated the definition of the geographical location of the Islamic East, as well as the emergence of the Ghaznavid emirate through a study of the political and military circumstances of the Islamic East during the period. Which witnessed the emergence of the emirate. In the first chapter, we touched on civil architecture, in which we talked about the palaces that included the palaces of Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznawi (387-421 AH / 997-1030 AD), the palaces of Sultan Masoud (422-432 AH / 1030-1040 AD), and the palace of Sultan Masoud III (481-508 AH). 1088-1114 AD), and we also discussed the decoration of Ghaznavid palaces and the types of calligraphy used, as well as the architecture of cities, markets, and the architecture of the Qaysariyat. As for the second chapter, service architecture, which includes service buildings, which included hotels, inns, baths, bimaristans, gardens, and the role of the railway and industry, in which it touched on the most important role of the railway in the era of the Ghaznavid emirate and some examples of the money minted by the Ghaznavid sultans, as well as the prisons and the functions created in the prisons in The era of the Ghaznavid emirate. As for the third chapter, it was entitled Religious and Educational Architecture. We dealt with religious architecture, the architecture of mosques and mosques in the era of the Ghaznavid emirate, the materials used in the construction process, and the service that mosques and mosques provide to Muslims. The topic presented the architecture of the belts and suffocations and their role in protecting the borders of the emirate and the services they provide. In addition to the architecture of tombs and cemeteries and the interest of the Ghaznavid sultans in graves, we concluded the study with shrines and graves. It was mentioned in educational architecture, which included the architecture of schools, including the process of construction, planning, and materials used in construction, and the most important schools in the era of the Ghaznavid emirate and the services provided by the schools, as well as the architecture of the libraries and the schools, in terms of the boys who join to study in the schools and the elders who teach in the schools. The role of libraries and what they do in preserving books and presenting them to students of knowledge. The fourth chapter was devoted to military architecture, in which we presented the architecture of forts and castles, the importance of forts and citadels, the difference between castles and forts, and the rule of forts and citadels in the era of the Ghaznavid emirate. As for the chapter, which presented the architecture of walls, towers, and moats, we talked in it about the materials used in building walls and the role of walls, towers, and moats in Protect the city. It must be noted that the subject of the study focused on the era of the Ghaznavid emirate and the expansion of its area. As for India, they had conquests and spread Islam, and the sources did not help us mention their architecture in those regions. As for the difficulties that faced our work, they were represented by the lack and scarcity of historical sources. We did not find any Sufficient information regarding the urban aspect, because the period of the rule of the Ghaznavid emirate in the Islamic Levant was occupied by war and political conflicts to acquire the largest area of cities and regions. Therefore, information on the urban aspect was limited, in addition to the emergence of a new external force on the political scene in the Islamic Levant. It is the Seljuk power that was able, in a short period, to control the areas of influence of the Ghaznavid emirate. Finally, the conclusion dealt with the most important findings of the chapters of the thesis, followed by the appendices, which included a table with the names of the Ghaznavid sultans, maps, and some drawings representing architecture in the Ghaznavid era. Then the thesis ended by establishing the sources and references.

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