الدراسات الأندلسية بين الاستشراقين الإسباني والفرنسي: دراسة كمية مقارنة

الباحث

ضحى طارق محمود علي

المشرف

ناصر عبد الرزاق الملا جاسم

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية الآداب / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2024

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

الدراسات الأندلسية ; الاستشراق الإسباني ; الاستشراق الفرنسي ; الأندلس

A Praise be to God, praise be to Him that will be sufficient for His blessings, and reward more of them. May peace and blessings be upon our master, our prophet, our beloved, our intercessor, and our master, the master of the first and the last, the master of the taqlin, Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Sadiq Al-Amin, and upon his family. And his good and pure companions, and upon those who treat him kindly until the Day of Judgment. As for after... The Arab-Islamic political and cultural presence in Spain, which extended for more than eight centuries, represented an important stage not in the history of Islamic civilization, but in human history as a whole, because of the significant intellectual and urban effects left by Muslims until now, and the radiance of knowledge extended to enlighten Europe, which was languishing in darkness. Western researchers became aware of the value of what the Arabs and Muslims had accomplished in Andalusia. This was an important field of research about which hundreds of studies were written, especially within the framework of Spanish and French Orientalism. Overall, there are factors, the most important of which are the Spanish inheritance of the Andalusian civilization on the one hand, and the geographical proximity and political interference of France with the Muslims on the other hand. These two countries were the ones who topped the historical research in Andalusian studies, which is worth pausing to monitor The specificity of Spanish and French prospective research as far as Andalusian studies are concerned. But the idea of the subject was undoubtedly characterized by objective and methodological problems. The Arab and Islamic existence took - as previously said - eight centuries and resulted in a flourishing and unparalleled civilization, and the orientalists who monitored the various aspects of this civilization produced books and extensive research that did not leave any aspect of Andalusian life unaddressed. Politically, economically, socially, culturally, religiously, urbanly, etc. B The main challenge was the approach that could accommodate what was written by the Spanish and French Orientalists. The approach is what gives the subject its novelty and value. This was a second challenge in adopting a new approach in historical studies, which is the quantitative approach based on statistics and the use of computer techniques in the field of history. We are certain that the subject This was not easy to comprehend without adopting such an approach, but the matter put me in front of two ordeals: the first was to comprehend what Orientalism had written regarding Islamic rule in Andalusia, and the second was to put that in a database that I could employ. the introduction The objective clarification is a quantitative, statistical study that investigates what the Spanish and French Orientalists presented in Andalusian studies and compares them. After a stage of research, I found that the book “The Orientalists” by the Lebanese researcher Najib Al-Aqiqi, whose fifth revised and expanded edition was published in 1982, that is, shortly before his death, is the most important, best and most comprehensive book of biographies of Orientalist studies in the Arabic language and even in other languages. The scientific starting point was statistics. Biographies and biographies of Spanish and French orientalists and monitoring They wrote it in the field of Andalusian studies. As for the research methodology.... The nature of the subject required that his plan, which was applied, include two chapters in five Separate and conclude as follows: The first chapter is devoted to discussing the biographies of Spanish and French orientalists and their research trends It came in two chapters. The first chapter deals with the first two types of Orientalism, which means the ecclesiastical religious Orientalist trend and the political Orientalist trend. It was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with the emergence of French and Spanish religious Orientalism and the early church attempts to proselytize among Muslims. Then it moved on to introducing the most prominent Spanish and French Orientalists who belonged to this trend, with the caveat that these in turn represent different walks of life. Some of them combined church and academic work, and others linked Between politics and religion in their journey, while some confined themselves to the church alone. The second section focuses on Spanish and French political Orientalism and sheds light on the most prominent Spanish and French Orientalists in their areas of work, as some of them were pure administrators and administrators. Academics and others military The second chapter of the first chapter dealt with other types of Orientalists, such as academic Orientalists and amateur Orientalists. The first section dealt with the history of informal interest. The Spanish and French were interested in Andalusian civilization, but this trend occupied only a low percentage compared to their counterparts among other Orientalists. The second section specializes in the most important fields of Spanish and French Orientalism, which is academic Orientalism, which was produced by university professors whose main focus was on purely historical research, and these people represented The highest percentage among their peers, as appeared in the message. As for the second chapter, it was devoted to analyzing the fields of research that the Orientalists were engaged in. It included three chapters. All of these chapters devoted the study to the research of the Spanish and French Orientalists as far as Andalusian history was concerned. The first chapter contains two sections. The first section dealt with the research of the Orientalists related to political history, which included several sections. Including the system of government, sources, and the military aspect, as well as families and others, while the second section dealt with economic and social history. In the economic aspect, the thesis dealt with agriculture and industry. Trade and administration. As for social history, it focused on the elements of Andalusian society, including the Arabs, Berbers, and Arabists, in addition to the sources specific to this field and others. The second chapter contains three sections, the first section is devoted to literary history, as it focuses on: D The Orientalists paid attention to literature. Poetry occupied the forefront, followed by prose and mythology. They also paid attention to language as well as general literary topics. As for the second section, it was devoted to what the Orientalists wrote in the field of intellectual history. Philosophy had the greatest share of their attention, and the names of Ibn Rushd and Ibn Hazm remained. And others are repeated in their research, when the third topic dealt with religious history in all its fields and branches, especially Jurisprudence, religious dialogue, Sufism, and Hadith. The third and final chapter of this study was divided into two sections, the first section With the history of sciences, geography occupied the forefront of the Orientalists’ interest, in addition to the applied or pure sciences, including medicine, pharmacy, astronomy, and others. The second topic specialized in studying the history of the arts, especially religious and secular architecture, in addition to calligraphy, decoration, and music. The thesis concluded. A summary explaining the main results reached. The sources that researchers relied on in their studies, such as Arabic sources, were analysed Primary sources, secondary sources, and others. The thesis aimed to monitor the value of the Spanish and French Orientalist contribution to the study of Andalusian history, and relied on the most important and prominent book (Orientalists) by Najib Al-Aqiqi. This thesis confirms that what Al-Aqiqi presented is still the cornerstone for Arabic readers in the field of introducing European Orientalists and their contributions. Despite the passage of more than forty years since the publication of the last edition of his book, no Arab (or Westerner) has undertaken to present a similar work. 1. The thesis adopted the quantitative approach based on the Access program within the Office 2013 package in two tracks: Orientalists and their trends on the one hand, and Orientalist works, their types and purposes on the other hand. The results of the analysis included the following: 2. The number of Spanish Orientalists concerned with Andalusian history reached 111 Orientalists, and the total of their research and books was E 739 works. The number of French orientalists was less, as 96 orientalists studied Andalusian history and presented 342 studies. 3. The interests of Spanish and French orientalists varied in their interest in Andalusian studies, as some of them were regular members of the church and those who were led by politics to orientalism, and some of them looked at Andalusia from the window of their academic work, not to mention some amateurs who did not belong to this trend or that. 4. Academic orientalists from both countries constituted the largest percentage among the categories of orientalists, as Spanish academics constituted 64% of the total orientalists and French academics 58%, and this is due to the multiplication of schools, institutes and chairs of oriental languages. 5. Orientalists did not limit themselves to publishing in one field in Andalusian history, but rather their studies included all specializations, including political, economic, social, literary, religious, intellectual, science, and art history. 6. As for the distribution of books and research according to Andalusian history specializations, we find that political history is the first, as the total published by Spanish and French Orientalists in this field amounted to 319 works, which constituted 29% of the total books and research, while literary history occupied 182 studies, which constituted 16%, followed by research in intellectual history, which totaled 134 studies, which constituted 12% of the total. As for the history of arts, it occupied 123 works, which constituted 11% of the total, and the share of the history of science was 118 studies, which constituted 10%, which is a percentage close to the history of arts, while the total research and books in economic and social history amounted to 113 studies, which constituted the same percentage for the history of science. Finally, religious history, with 76 works, was limited to only 7%. 7. Orientalists varied in the number of books and research they published. While many were satisfied with publishing one or two works, we found Orientalists who presented a large number of studies, and the order of that is shown in the following table:

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