الدولة التيمورية في كتاب (سفارة إلى تيمورلنك) للرحالة كلافيجو (805-808هـ/1403-1406م): دراسة في الدوافع والمضمون

الباحث

إسماعيل أحمد خليف الطائي

المشرف

مصطفى هاشم عبدالعزيز محمود الحنون

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية الآداب / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2022

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

الدولة التيمورية ; تيمورلنك ; كلافيجو ; أدب الرحلات

A One of the things I stopped at is not giving a definition to some cities, and relying on Clavigo’s description of them, because I did not find a mention of them in the sources and references, perhaps because their names have changed at the present time, or because of their demise. Knowledge Cities, in order to ensure that we do not go outside the main topic of our research. In order to give a clear vision of this study, it was divided into an introduction and five chapters, and the preface included Clavigo's life and the motives for the trip. The first chapter dealt with the itinerary of the journey, the journey to Samarkand and the journey back from it. The study of Clavigo's journey required knowledge of the geography of the country and the countries it passed through, determining the itinerary of his journey, determining the sites mentioned, and knowing the names that were in them in the Timurid era, and I had to seek This was written by travelers who visited these areas. The second chapter included the political and administrative situations, dealing with the birth of Tamerlane, his upbringing, the meaning of his name, his seizure of power, Tamerlane's children and grandchildren, his wives, Tamerlane's reception of ambassadors, Tamerlane's army, the battles that Tamerlane fought with Toqtamish Khan the Golden Horde, and Tamerlane's takeover of India and the Levant. Tamerlane's struggle with Sultan Ahmed al-Jalairi and victory over him, Tamerlane's seizure of the most important castles, Tamerlane's death, the struggle for power after him, and administrative situations, including administrative positions, the judicial system, the postal system, and Tamerlane's logo. The third chapter was devoted to social conditions, elements of the population, language, celebrations, feasts, Tatar drink, clothes, and social activities. As for the fourth chapter, it dealt with the economic conditions, agriculture, agricultural crops, ways to irrigate agricultural lands and the most important rivers, livestock, industry, the most important industries in the state of Tamerlane, dealing with trade, the most important commercial centers in the state of Tamerlane, trade routes, and Tamerlane's money. The fifth and final chapter included the urban conditions, mosques, shrines and shrines, palaces and gardens, royal camp tents, and roads. One of the most prominent problems that the researcher faced is the lack of historical sources, especially with regard to Clavigo’s life since its inception until it was entrusted with the duties of the embassy, except for some scattered references in some websites and some Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of the messengers, and upon his family and companions altogether, and after: The history of the eastern part of the Islamic world is closely related to the history of the Arab region, and it is of no less importance than the western part of it in the Middle Ages, And that the B political and social developments witnessed by the Islamic East have affected the course of the Arab Islamic State, These developments were represented by the establishment of the Seljuk state, and its orientation to Minor Asia and the countries of the Arab Mashreq, after which came the Crusader invasion from the West and the Mongol invasion from the East, and the emergence of a Crusader- Mongol alliance that placed the Arab Mashreq between two sides These developments brought about a political change with the emergence of a new element in the equation of political forces in The region, with the establishment of the Mamluk state in Egypt and the Levant, which stood in the face of the Mongol and Timurid expansion, and in the second half of the eighth century AH / fourteenth AD, the Timurid state appeared on the political scene, in the country beyond the river, and its control over most parts of Asia under the leadership of Tamerlane , who played a prominent role that drew the attention of contemporary historians, as he fought a long struggle between himself and the political forces in the Islamic East. Evil according to the approach (the end justifies the means), the rulers of the Islamic world submitted to him during less than half a century, and the kings and princes of Europe contacted him, betrothing him and coveting his friendship. The King of France, Charles VI, sent messages of love and pure intentions to Tamerlane, and Tamerlane also contacted the settled Genoese leaders. In Beira, they brought him letters from the Emperor of Constantinople Manuel, who was besieged at the time, requesting cooperation with Tamerlane against the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid, and the King of Castile Henry III also sent him an embassy to obtain authentic news about Tamerlane, and after Tamerlane’s victory over Sultan Bayezid in the battle Ankara (804 AH / 1402 AD), King Henry III of Castile sent another embassy, the Clavigo embassy, which is the subject of our research, in order to strengthen and strengthen relations between the two parties, and that the victory achieved by Tamerlane over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid and his family in the Battle of Ankara, delayed the conquest of Constantinople around fifty A year, the kings and princes of Europe saw in the person of Tamerlane as a savior for her from the danger of the Ottomans on her, so they sent him letters and ambassadors, to get closer to him and strengthen her relationship with him. Tamerlane was a field leader with distinction, but he used force and brutality in an unfair and violent manner, and established his capital on the ruins of Islamic cities and capitals. Here the importance of the issue emerges, with the emergence of Tamerlane as the most powerful ruler of his time, and he did not expand in Europe and spread the Islamic religion, as the field was open for him to expand, conquer and spread Islam among the nations in those lands, if he wanted to confirm his belonging to Islam, and prove that he adhered strongly to it as he announced He insists on it. Among the issues that are taken upon the translator is the release of the Spanish ambassador to the traveler Clavigo, while Spain had not yet been formed as a political entity. The origin of the travelers to it is Castile, which at that time constituted most of the lands of northern Spain, especially in the western side and its extension to the center.

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