دور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في المفاوضات السورية-الإسرائيلية (1991-2000)

الباحث

مروة أمين حسين

المشرف

هاشم عبدالرزاق صالح

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية الآداب / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2024

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

الولايات المتحدة ; المفاوضات السورية الإسرائيلية ; سوريا ; التاريخ الحديث

The intensification of the Arab-Israeli conflict, particularly since the 1948 war and the June 5, 1967 war involving various Arab nations, including Syria, has significantly influenced the dynamics of the Arab-Israeli conflict and Syrian-Israeli relations. The outcomes of these events, particularly the occupation of 1,250 square kilometers of the Golan Heights by Israel in 1967, have had profound implications on Syrian politics. Following Hafez al-Assad's rise to power in Syria in 1970, he, alongside Egypt, initiated the 1973 war against Israel, regaining approximately 100 square kilometers of the Golan Heights. Post-war, Syria sought a peaceful resolution regarding its occupied territories in the Golan Heights. This issue became a pivotal concern in Syrian foreign policy towards Israel, which was backed by the United States, especially after Israel annexed the Golan Heights. The occupation was used as leverage to pressure Syria into negotiating with Israel to secure Syrian recognition of Israel and achieve a settlement over the Golan Heights. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Syrian and Israeli positions on the Golan Heights were in stark contrast. Syria demanded a complete Israeli withdrawal from all occupied Arab territories, including the Golan Heights, and the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza, in line with Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, as prerequisites for a just and comprehensive peace. Conversely, Israel required Syria and other Arab nations to establish peace based on the principle of "peace for peace," without relinquishing its hold on Arab territories, including the Golan Heights, while maintaining a superior military position with clear American support. In the early 1990s, amidst regional and global shifts, particularly the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the Soviet Union's decline, the United States played a crucial role in attempting to replace the state of conflict with lasting peace between Arabs and Israel. This led to the 1991 Madrid Peace Conference, where the U.S. facilitated discussions between various Arab nations, including Syria, aiming for a comprehensive peace. Subsequently, the Syrian leadership, recognizing the influential role of the U.S. in global politics, agreed to peace talks with Israel under American auspices. The negotiations persisted through the 1990s, with alternating Israeli governments from the Labor and Likud parties. However, these talks failed to yield substantial peace agreements due to significant disagreements, primarily over the complete withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Golan Heights. The death of President Hafez al-Assad in 2000 halted these bilateral negotiations entirely. During this time, the U.S. supported the strategic maneuvers of Israeli leaders Shimon Peres and Benjamin Netanyahu, exerting political pressure on Syria to concede to partial withdrawal demands, ensuring Israel's future security along its borders with Syria. This led to stagnation in negotiations during Netanyahu's government (1996–1999), marked by rigid Israeli demands and his refusal to adhere to the "Rabin Deposit" as a negotiation basis, a stance rejected by the Syrian government. Despite diplomatic efforts by the U.S. to persuade Ehud Barak's administration, which showed a more flexible approach, Hafez al-Assad remained hopeful for a historic peace agreement. However, negotiations stalled due to Israeli evasion in the Shepherdstown talks and Bill Clinton's proposal during the Geneva summit in 2000, which Assad found unacceptable. The potential for peace was thwarted by Barak and Clinton's unwillingness to ensure a full Israeli withdrawal from the Golan Heights to the June 4, 1967 lines, thus missing a crucial opportunity for peace.

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رقم الهاتف

البريد الإلكتروني

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